Evaluation Report
on the FGCS Project
Wolfgang Bibel
Technical University Darmstadt
Germany
4 June 1992
vision of knowledge engineering which by the public was misunderstood as the final
targets of the project.
c. The economist's way would judge the success by the amount of economic impact
caused by the results of the project. Again this way does not make sense for a basic
research project for which the impact is to be expected not before many more years. In
this respect the project would actually have to be judged a total failure since at present the
economic impact is probably close to zero. In the long range, however, it might (and
probably will) turn out to be enormous.
d. The viewpoint I take is that of a scientist.. It consists in estimating what the net-effect
of the enterprise might be, i.e. the effect of the enterprise in comparison with the
situation, were it not been undertaken. As effect I understand all the changes caused by
the project including the scientific results, the technology evolved, the systems and
machines built, but also the changes caused in the Japanese and the international research
community, or in the entire world for that matter. In addition to such an estimation I
speculate about whether the net effect could have been improved by changing some of the
project's conditions.
3. The project's net effect
The project has produced results and effects of very different kinds. A predominent
effect is political and social in nature; others are of an infrastructural kind; and of course
there are the scientific results in form of publications, systems and machines. I will
discuss them all in this order.
As far as I know, the FGCS conference in 1981 was the first conference held in Japan
which attracted the worldwide interest at such a high level of international visibility. For
the first time the world got the feeling that Japan is about to take the lead in one of the
key technologies of the future. Clearly, these feelings were mixed with serious concerns.
Some people overreacted and spoke even of a technological war. Today some people
again overreact. As they see that their fears have not materialized, they regard the project
as a failure.
On balance, I judge the political net effect as a success. Japan has indeed proved that it
has the vision to take a lead for the rest of the world. On the other hand, it acted wisely
and offered the results to the international public for free use, thus acting as a leader to
the benefit of mankind and not only for its own self-interest. One must, however, be
aware that politically the views have not settled down to a stable state of opinions. False
political steps in the future could easily destroy the current positive state of affairs.
Socially the effect of Japan's initiative is that the rest of the world has recognized the
importance of information technology for the well-being of mankind. The existence of
major institutions and projects in the US (MCC and others), in Europe (ECRC, SICS,
ESPRIT, Alvey, and others), and in other parts of the world is to be seen as a direct
consequence of the FGCS project. They all have contributed to the advancement of
information technology.
One of the major results and successes of the FGCS project is its effect on the
infrastructure of Japanese research and development in information technology. By an
extremely clever arrangement hundreds of young Japanese researchers in research
institutions of industry or universities have actively learned about the latest state of the art
in information technology. This is because of the many links of ICOT with companies
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