# Backup diff of Syntax vs current(No. 3)

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#author("2017-03-17T11:49:00+09:00","default:Uedalab","Uedalab")
#author("2017-03-23T14:43:54+09:00","default:Uedalab","Uedalab")
#noattach
#mathjax
#norelated

* Syntax [#r2da58d9]
- A HydLa program consists of definitions of constraints and declaration of constraint hierarchies.
#ref(./HydLa_BNF.png);

- The abstract syntax of HydLa is given in the following BNF.
#ref(./HydLa_BNF.png, center);
- A HydLa program consists of definitions  of constraints and declarations of constraint hierarchies.
** Definition [#s649ac18]
- One can define constraint using the operator " ''<=>'' ".
>
(name of the constraint) ''<=>'' (definition of constraint) .
<
- In a definition, we define a named constraint or a named constraint hierarchies with arguments using the operator " ''<=>'' ".
If the definition has no arguments, we can omit parentheses.
INIT <=> y = 0 & y' = 0. // definition of a constraint for the initial state of a ball.
FALL <=> [](y'' = -10).   // definition of a constraint for falling of the ball.
BOUNCE(x) <=> [](x- = 0 => x' = -x'-).  // definition of  a constraint for bouncing of the ball.
BALL{FALL << BOUNCE}. // definition of a constraint hierarchy for the ball.
- $Constraints$ allow conjunctions of constraints and implications.
- The antecedents of implications are called $guards$.
- " [] " denotes a temporal operator which means that the constraint always holds from the time point at which the constraint is enabled.
- Each variable is denoted by a string starting with lower case($vname$).
- The notation $vname′$ means the derivative of $vname$, and $vname−$ means the left-hand limit of $vname$.

** Constraint [#a67e46ed]
*** Conjunction [#jd43749f]
>
~ (constraint1) ''&'' (constraint2)
~ or
~ (constraint1) ''/\'' (constraint2)
<
*** Always [#e8fd1135]
- ''Always'' operator in temporal logic is denoted by " ''[]'' "
- This operator means the constraint is effective forever from the time when this constraint is in maximal module sets.
// TODO: link to maximal module set
>
''[]''( constraint )
<
*** Guard Condition [#tdd5bc86]
- The "''=>''" operator means the left-hand side is the guard condition of the right-hand side.
- The constraint on right-hand side is effective only when the left-hand side is entailed.
>
guard ''=>'' constraint
<
*** Derivative [#c106f801]
- The "'' ' ''" operator means a derivative of the variable with respect to time.
>
(variable | derivative of variable)'
<
*** Prev [#y9d604d8]
- The " - " operator means a left hand limit of a variable at each time point.
>
(variable | derivative of variable)'-'
<
*** exp [#r04a0562]
- In describing equality or inequality as the constraint, not only the '(differential) , -(prev) operators, but also the arithmetic operators (+,-(minus),*,/,^(power),**(power) )can be used.
- As the special values , Napier's constant "E" and Pi "Pi"(the ratio of circumference to diameter) can be used too.
- In describing formula as guard condition, these (',-,arithmetic operators) , the relational operatprs (>,<,<=,>=,=,!=) and the logical operators (!(not),&(and),/\(and),|(or),\/(or)) can be used.
- The evaluation result of formula is boolean value.
** Hierarchy [#oc2bb594]
- Meaning of a HydLa program is a set of trajectories that satisfy  maximal consistent sets of candidate constraint modules sets.
** Declaration of Constraint Hierarchies [#oc2bb594]
- In a declaration, we declare constraints with priorities between them.
- The operator "$<<$" is a concrete notation of the operator "$\ll$" and it describes a weak composition of constraints. For example,
$A << B$ means that the constraint A is weaker than B.
-If we declare a constraint without "$<<$", it means that there is no priority about the constraint.
- The operator "$<<$" has a higher precedence than "$,$", that is, $A, B << C$  is equivalent to $A, (B << C)$.
- The unit of constraints
that is declared with a priority is called a module or a constraint module.
- Meaning of a HydLa program is a set of trajectories that satisfy maximal consistent sets of candidate constraint modules sets at each time point.
- Each candidate constraint set must satisfy conditions below:~

#mathjax

$\forall M_1, M_2((M_1 \ll M_2 \land M_1 \in {MS} \,) \Rightarrow M_2 \in {MS}\,)$
$\forall M (\neg \exists ( R \ll M ) \Rightarrow R \in {MS} \,)$

#norelated

*** Equality [#i272cd72]
- The "," operator means that these two constraints(constraint1,constraint2) are equivalent.
** List Comprehension [#eea12551]
- In modeling of hybrid systems, we often come across necessity to introduce
multiple similar objects.
- HydLa allows a list comprehention to easily describe models with multiple objects.
- A list can be defined by the operator "$:=$", like $\texttt{X := {x0..x9}.}$
- There are a two types of lists: priority lists and expression lists.
*** Priority List [#rb9d66d1]
- The first type of lists is priority lists.
-- A priority list can be denoted by an extensional notation of the following form.
>
constriant1 , constraint2
$\{MP_1, MP_2, ..., MP_n\}$
<
*** Superiority [#s5ec52f8]
- The "<<" operator means right-hand side constraint(constraint4) is superior to left-hand side constraint(constraint3)
- If there is contradictions between constraint3 and constraint4, constraint4 is adopted and constraint3 is excluded.
-- It also can be denoted by an intensionally
>
constraint3 << constraint4
$\{MP | LC_1, LC_2, ..., LC_n\}$
<

*** Precedence [#x04d90de]
- The "<<" operator has a higher precedence than the "," operator.
- Example:
-- For example, $\{\texttt{INIT(i)}\ |\ \texttt{i in \{1,2,3,4\}}\}$ is equivalent to $\{\texttt{INIT(1),INIT(2),INIT(3),INIT(4)}\}$
-- If a HydLa program includes declarations of priority lists, the elements of the lists are expanded, that is, a declaration of $\{\texttt{A, B, C}\}$
is equivalent to $\texttt{A, B, C}$.
*** Expression List [#c1744645]
- The second of list is expression lists, that is, lists of arithmetic expressions.
--  We can denote an expression list in an extensional or intensional notation
as well as a priority list.
-- In addition, we can use range expressions in the following form.
>
constraint1 , constraint2 , constraint3 << constraint4.
$\{RE .. RE\}$.
<
- is equal to
>
constraint1 , constraint2 , (constraint3 << constraint4).
<
- not equal to
>
(constraint1 , constraint2 , constraint3) << constraint4.
<
-- $RE$ is an arithmetic expression without variables or an arithmetic expression with a variable whose name terminates with a number such as x0 and y1.
*** Example of Lists [#b3820221]
- An expression list $\{1*2+1..5\}$ is equivalent to $\{3,4,5\}$.
- An expression list $\{\texttt{j | i in \{1,2\}, j in \{i+1..4\}}\}$ is equivalent to $\{2,3,4,3, 4\}$.
- An expression list $\{\texttt{x1..x3}\}$ is equivalent to $\{\texttt{x1, x2, x3}\}$.

** Assert [#m5d52a83]
- The condition(ask) is described in the assert sentence.
- The condition(ask) must be always satisfied in the simulation of HydLa program.
- In the condition(ask), the always operator("[]") can't be used. But the condition is always judged for all the time of simulation.
- The condition is judged within simulating time and is not judged over simulating time.
*** Other Notations [#mc029821]
- The n-th element of a list $\texttt{L}$ can be accessed by $\texttt{L[n]}$.
-- The index allows an arbitrary expression that results in an integer.
- The size of a list $\texttt{L}$ is denoted by $\texttt{|L|}$, which can be used as a constant value in a HydLa program.
- $\texttt{sum(L)}$ is a syntactic sugar of the sum of the elements in an expression list $\texttt{L}$

** Tips [#jb66d45b]
- Napier's constant "E" and the ratio of circumference to diameter "Pi" also can be used as constant values.
- The following trigonometric functions are available.
>
<
* Example : Bouncing Particle [#haead636]
- This program is the model that a particle is falling down into floor, bounces at collision of particle and floor and repeat these movement.
- The variable "y" is the position(height) of the particle.
- The floor is at "y=0".
>
~ INIT <=> y=5 & y'=5.
~ FALL <=> [](y'' = -10).
~ BOUNCE <=> [](y- = 0 => y' = -4/5*y'-).
~
~ INIT, FALL << BOUNCE.
<
- INIT : The constraint about the beginning value of the particle.
- By "INIT", the position(y) of the particle is 5 and the speed(y') of the particle is 5 at the starting time.
>
INIT <=> y=5 & y'=5.
<
- FALL : The constraint about the falling movement of the particle.
- By "FALL", the acceleration(y'') of particle is -10 in that the time is over 0.
>
FALL <=> [](y'' = -10).
<
- BOUNCE : The constraint about the bouncing movement of the particle
- By "BOUNCE", in that the time is over 0, if the position(y) of the particle become 0, the speed(y') of the particle becomes the value of "-4/5*y'-".
- This is the bouncing movement. And the coefficient of rebound is 4/5.
>
BOUNCE <=> [](y- = 0 => y' = -4/5*y'-).
<
- The core part of HydLa program (constraint hierarchy)
- This part is describing the hierarchy of the constraints(INIT,FALL,BOUNCE).
- BOUNCE is superior than FALL, and INIT is equal to them.
- In other words, when the particle collide with the floor, not FALL but BOUNCE is adopted as the value of the variable y.
>
INIT, FALL << BOUNCE.
<
*** Definition using args [#j660a34c]
- The argument can be used in defining constraint.
- In constraint hierarchy, the constraint is called by applying arguments.
>
constraint_name(arg) <=> constraint_definition .
<
example : Define the constraint that The variables(x,y,z) in constant
>
~ CONST(a) <=> [](a'=0).
~ ...
~ CONST(x),CONST(y),CONST(z),...
<
example : Define the beginning values of the variables(x1,x2,x3)
>
~ INIT(x,xh,xv) <=> x=xh & x'=xv.
~ ...
~ INIT(x1,1,0),INIT(x2,2,3),INIT(x3,0,10),...
<
example : Define the collision constraint of the particles(x1,x2,x3) in one dimension
>
~ COL(p,q) <=> []( (p- = q-) => p'=q'- & q'=p'- ).
~ ...
~ ... << ( COL(x1,x2),COL(x1,x3),COL(x2,x3) ).
<
*** Subprogram of Constraint Hierarchy [#zd88597b]
- The subprogram(the part of constraint hierarchy) can be used by naming program name.
- The argument can be used too.
- In describing the constraint hierarchy, this subprogram is called.
>
~ program_name { program } .
~ program_name(arg) { program } .
<
example : Make some constraint together.
>
~ INITS { INIT(x1), INIT(x2), INIT(x3) }.
~ INITS, ...
<
example : Make the hierarchy of two constraint together
>
~ CONSTMOVE { CONST << MOVE }.
~ CONSTMOVE, ...
<
example : Define bouncing program of the particles(y1,y2,y3)
>
~ ...
~ BP(x,h,v) {INIT(x,h,v), FALL(x) << BOUNCE(x)}.
~ ...
~ BP(y1,1,1),BP(y2,2,3),BP(y3,3,5), ...
<
*** Set [#eea12551]
- The set of some variables can be used.
- The syntax of the set is some way.
>
set_name := set .
<
- Example of Defining
>
~ es := {e1, e2, e3, e4}.
~ ten := { i | i in {0..9} }.
~ xten := {x1..x10} .
<
- The calculation of sets
>
~  union := xten or es .
~  intersection := ten and xten .
<
- The element of sets
>
~ set[i] : The i'th element of the "set" (element is start 0)
~ sum(set) : The sum of the "set"
~ |set| : The number of the "set"
<
- Examples:
>
~  { constarint(set[i]) | i in {1..|set|} }
~  { (constarint1(set[i]) , constarint1(set[i]) ) << constraint2(set[i], set[j]) | i in {1..|set|-1} , j in {i+1..|set|} }
~  { constraint(x) | x in set }
<
*** Special function [#w69ae32d]
- Trigonometric functions
>
~ sin(x)
~ cos(x)
~ tan(x)
~ asin(x)
~ acos(x)
~ atan(x)
<
- Detailed syntax and semantics can be found [http://www.ueda.info.waseda.ac.jp/~matsusho/public/dissertation.pdf here].